According to The American Heart Association, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability in
the United States and other industrialized nations. A growing number of developing countries are also suffering from this killer disease. Therefore, it’s impossible to overstate the clearly pressing clinical and economic significance of CVD. It leads to premature death, loss of employment, income, and quality of life. Fortunately, advances in technology have often provided a lifeline to those stricken with cardiovascular disease.
But amidst all the modern technology lies an ancient approach to combating this deadly disorder as well as complications caused by living overweight. It’s non-invasive, inexpensive, and suitable for practically anyone. This ancient, time-tested method is now more popular than ever – approximately 15 million people in the USA alone practice it. What is it?
Yoga.
Yoga and Cardiovascular Disease
Kim E. Innes, MSPH, PhD from the Center for the Study of Complementary and Alternative Therapies conducted a systematic review of published literature regarding the effects of yoga on specific anthropometric (body measurement) and physiologic indices of cardiovascular disease. This comprehensive study underscored the need for effective primary prevention efforts targeted at common risk factors.
Among these risk factors are those associated with the insulin resistance syndrome or IRS. IRS, also referred to as the metabolic syndrome, is a combination of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Prominent features of IRS include insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia (lipid abnormalities), glucose intolerance, high blood pressure, and visceral adiposity, or common “belly fat”.
In addition to metabolic disorders, there are psychosocial factors that play a huge role in the development of both IRS and CVD. Most everyone has had experience with a “Type A” personality – those with character traits that lead to a high stress response to their environment. Generally speaking, psychosocial factors are those that affect a person both socially and psychologically. And there is a strong correlation between these factors and CVD.
It’s because of these facts that mind-body therapies such as yoga may have considerable potential with regards to the prevention and treatment of CVD. Yoga is an ancient mind-body discipline that has been used extensively in India for the management of chronic insulin resistant conditions. So the question is why shouldn’t yoga have equally positive results in the U.S. as well?
As it turns out, it does.
Yoga originated in India over 4000 years ago. In recent decades the practice of yoga has enjoyed rising popularity in Western industrialized countries. The most widely practiced forms are Hatha (or forceful) yoga, Raja (or classical) yoga, and Mantra yoga. Mantra yoga emphasizes the use of specific sounds or chants with the purpose of bringing about mental and spiritual transformation.
Both Hatha and Raja yoga emphasize specific postures (asanas), breath control (pranayama), concentration, and meditation. In the Western world, Hatha yoga is the most commonly practiced.
The advantages of yoga run broad and deep. In the United States specifically, yoga is practiced to alleviate stress, improve health, and increase fitness. What makes it so attractive is the fact that yoga is economical, has no significant side effects, yet the lifestyle benefits are substantial. It’s safe, easy to learn and even the elderly or disabled can practice yoga.
But most importantly, there is growing evidence that suggests that yoga may reduce IRS related risk factors for CVD and may actually improve the prognosis of those suffering from cardiovascular disease. However, systematic review to support this evidence has been lacking.
But that’s all changed now. The study conducted by Innes critically reviews the published scientific literature regarding the effects of yoga on IRS-related indices of CVD risks. This article explains the methodology employed in the review, the substantial results, and the eye-opening conclusion.
Methodology
The first step was a systematic examination of the mounting evidence. A thorough research of published medical literature was conducted, focusing on English language articles published after 1970 and original studies specifically evaluating the effects of yoga on cardiovascular disease. These original studies reported outcome data and evaluated the effects of yoga intervention on the following:
1.Measures of insulin resistance
2.Lipid profiles
3.Weight loss and composition
4.Blood pressure and oxidative stress
5.Markers of sympathetic activation and cardiovagal function
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included if they met specific criteria. An RCT is a type of scientific experiment that involves the random allocation of different treatments to subjects.
Observed Effects of Yoga on Core Indices of the IRS
70 eligible studies were revealed with a majority (63%) of the identified studies published between 1990 and 2004.
51 published studies investigated the potential influence of yoga on insulin resistance, lipid profiles, weight loss and composition, and blood pressure. A detailed discussion of each follows.
Markers of Insulin Resistance
13 studies evaluated the effects of yoga on markers of insulin resistance. Insulin normally enables cells to take up and utilize the blood glucose from the blood stream. Insulin resistance, however, is a condition in which cells display “resistance” to insulin by failing to take up and utilize glucose for energy and metabolism.
- Most studies showed a significant improvement in insulin resistance following the practice of yoga. In these cases, yoga was practiced anywhere from 40 days to 12 months and incorporated yoga asanas, or positions.
- 7 of the 8 uncontrolled studies of healthy young adults, patients with type 2 diabetes, or hypertensions reported significant improvement.
- Controlled studies of healthy young adults reported reductions in fasting glucose.
- In a small RCT of diabetic British adults, a decline in both fasting glucose and glycohemoglobin was noted. Glycohemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that is formed when hemoglobin is exposed to high levels of glucose – a condition common in diabetic patients.
Overall, yoga practice was associated with 5.4% to 33.4% reduction in fasting glucose, 24.5% to 27.0% reductions in postprandial (after a meal) glucose, and 13.3% to 27.3 % reduction in glycohemoglobin.
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